tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post6700924310373815070..comments2023-03-10T03:34:10.940-08:00Comments on Cell Biology Blog: Life on Mixotricha paradoxaJ.Francishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10117553284795213150noreply@blogger.comBlogger38125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-89991489026506672872018-11-14T16:49:16.079-08:002018-11-14T16:49:16.079-08:00Sorry have a couple of question on this microbe. D...Sorry have a couple of question on this microbe. Does it have chromosomes, if so how many . and are they linear or circular. If it does not have any , what does it have. Where could i get this and more information.Anonymoushttps://www.blogger.com/profile/01048264021828195385noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-85060553075895852152011-11-15T10:17:43.657-08:002011-11-15T10:17:43.657-08:00There are so-called 'brackets' on the cell...There are so-called 'brackets' on the cell surface that form an arrangement site for the spirochetes. <br /><br />This allows the spirochete to propel the flagellate cells forward. There could also be a motor or type of bond that holds the bacteria in place.<br /><br />It is still unknown how the flagellates and the spirochetes communicate and coordinate movement. Chemical communication would be a means of communication in the cell. C<br /><br />ell signaling, or means of a stimulus could provide the means for communication for the cell as well.Mikehttp://www.altogenlabs.com/noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-25076360442784142802011-05-11T03:56:05.102-07:002011-05-11T03:56:05.102-07:001 Spirochetes move by rotating. How can a rotatin...1 Spirochetes move by rotating. How can a rotating twisting bacterium promote locomotion of paradoxa and yet stay attached to its host if its entire cell body rotates?<br />my theory that i have formulated from research and reading the other comments would be that the organism is attached to its host at all time at some point. it is never floating off by itself. that point is just changed throughout the movement of the Spirochetes. as the placement changes and the Spirochete rotates, it moves along the host. this goes to show the complexity of the organism in even just its movement. the socket theory also seems very plausible. <br />2 If paradoxa communicates with its motor bacteria, what form of communication would this be?<br />the Spirochete attaches itself to the host, and maybe it intercepts the signaling system that the host already has. maybe it is through chemical signaling as each organism emits its own chemical signals, compelling a response from the other organism. is it through the location of the Spirochete on the host? maybe i am totally off on this one, i am not sure, i am trying to brainstorm a little more. is there even a way for the spirochete to even attach to any form of a "nervous" system because it is constantly moving?Lindseyhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/14040244169890786229noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-34554718859624807092011-05-09T16:14:37.964-07:002011-05-09T16:14:37.964-07:001. The anchoring of the spirochete to the paradoxa...1. The anchoring of the spirochete to the paradoxa may be achieved by the force exerted by the moving spirochete. I think the brackets may prevent the spirochete from moving away from the paradoxa on the sides. However, I think the brackets would not have to be smaller than the spirochete as this may restrict rotation. Instead, if it were minimally larger, just large enough for the spirochete to fit and rotate within as the force generated by rotation would keep the spirochete in close proximity to the paradoxa and thus in the bracket.<br /><br />2. The interaction between the paradoxa and spirochete may be characterized by chemical signaling. I think cell-cell interactions requiring contact may be hindered by the force exerted at the point of contact.Hannah Kaleebihttps://www.blogger.com/profile/16363268792918760735noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-74611343126693626402011-05-07T23:24:32.194-07:002011-05-07T23:24:32.194-07:001. Research on this is quite scarce, therefore I&#...1. Research on this is quite scarce, therefore I'm not entirely sure about this, but by my guess is that the spirochetes are somehow anchored to the host. This is probably how it can stay attached despite entire cell rotation.<br /><br />2. Communication between these cells is achieved through chemical signal exchange by signal molecules. These molecules are called autoinducers. Also, this process is called quorum sensing, and through this process, bacteria are allowed to check for the presence of other bacteria in their environment. And when they do, they are to respond accordingly.Ronnie David Riverahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12942542646747880022noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-59520253711260108642011-05-07T16:27:39.477-07:002011-05-07T16:27:39.477-07:001. The rod-like bacteria are attached to the surfa...1. The rod-like bacteria are attached to the surface of the paradoxa on regularly arranged protrusions by so-called “brackets.” It seems like it would work like an axle, the axle is able to rotate but still remains attached to the paradoxa via the specialized brackets.<br /><br /><br />2. If paradoxa communicates with its motor bacteria, what form of communication would this be?<br />Paradoxa probably communicate the same way different cells communicate with eachother—chemically. The chemicals exchanged that are used to communicate are called autoinducers. The amount of autoinducers are also directly related to amount of bacteria present, allowing them to synchronize activities better and function as a group more effectively.Luke Khttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04377707627564535566noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-11052366700520455602011-05-06T20:38:02.873-07:002011-05-06T20:38:02.873-07:00It is said that flagella mobility is “parallel to ...It is said that flagella mobility is “parallel to the cells long axis and individual cells move forward or backward perhaps using a irrotational traveling helical wave” (Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology Bergey). Pretty much it’s a contraction of waves that move from one end of the flagella to the other producing a forward or reverse motion. So maybe since its moving horizontally, theoretically like an or of a boat, than it will stay attached but just the velocity of this helical wave and its “geometry” will move the lil guy. I believe it would be a chemical signaling.Natapeahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/01051986197868041757noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-82956396841921535312011-05-05T13:48:36.978-07:002011-05-05T13:48:36.978-07:001 The paradoxa is a rod shaped bacteriai it is als...1 The paradoxa is a rod shaped bacteriai it is also composed of many spirochetes. The spirochetes bind to the host. This allows its entire body to rotate and still be attached. Even though everything is moving it won’t come off the host due to the binding. <br />2 I am not completely sure on the naming of the communication but it would seem to me that the paradoxa would directly communicate with the motor bacteria since its moving so fast and the movements need to be done quickly. This means it would be very hard to have signaling from another organism.Matt Khttps://www.blogger.com/profile/01866565858234517470noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-15558467808776317962011-05-03T19:25:15.375-07:002011-05-03T19:25:15.375-07:00It appears to me that the brackets that the bacter...It appears to me that the brackets that the bacteria are what hold it in place, probably by some integral proteins similar to the way cells bind to the ECM, I don't know that an ionic charge would be enough to hold it in place. I kind of like where trent is going with the idea that they are able to move because of their double membrane. The signaling, I would guess, is some chemical signaling pathways or possibly signaling from integral proteins that are used to hold them in place, the similar to the way integral cells signal to adhere or release from the ECM.Jeremiah Dorseyhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/11380200130077255410noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-51761822332635542932011-04-10T16:59:26.291-07:002011-04-10T16:59:26.291-07:00my theory would probably be that of a rotor like m...my theory would probably be that of a rotor like machine that allows the bacteria to spinning in the same direction and this would allow the bacteria to stay the on the surface of paradoxa by a friction attraction maybe. this attraction is purely hypothetical but it could be ionic.<br /><br />2 maybe the the bacteria is communicating by cell signaling but it is using the fluid around it to link ahead to communicate.vjhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/05766487454885848140noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-73743811409253002792011-04-03T23:23:38.354-07:002011-04-03T23:23:38.354-07:001. It somehow attaches to the cell surface..I woul...1. It somehow attaches to the cell surface..I would think the way Trent said it, maybe by some kind of charge, maybe not an ionic, but possibly..that seems like the best possible way for the spirochaete to still be attached to the paradoxa. <br />2. hm...signals to the bacteria to the mixotricha would have to be possibly through the charges again? ...maybe from the dna or from the protein channels? I'm not quite sure about this one, but I know that God is sovereign and He is the one that sustains things together, and I praise Him for that! :)Bethany Gonzaleshttps://www.blogger.com/profile/05600088033435176166noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-77244372140054438762011-04-03T21:26:01.866-07:002011-04-03T21:26:01.866-07:001. So what I picture in my brain is a boat with a ...1. So what I picture in my brain is a boat with a propellor . The spriochete acts as the propellor while the paradoxa is the boat! There must be a motor... here's a quote from "Molecular Basis of Symbiosis".<br />"The rod-shaped bacteria and the spirochetes are attached to regularly arranged protrusions of the cell surface. Interestingly, Cleveland and Grimstone found that the spirochetes propel the cells....For hydro-mechanical reasons, it seems that cilia, flagella, sperm tails and spirochetes should automatically synchronize their movement when undulating in close proximity."<br /><br />2. I think everyone else got it right when they said it communicates with the motor by chemical signaling... ;D<br /><br />-Sarah GonzalesSoul Sistashttps://www.blogger.com/profile/11794236159194722209noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-53272172128047934932011-04-03T00:00:07.590-07:002011-04-03T00:00:07.590-07:001. The spirochaete must be attached at the axis of...1. The spirochaete must be attached at the axis of the spirochaete. This could be done by allowing the end of the spirochaete to contain a ionic charge, and the other end to have the opposite ionic charge. As the charges would keep the spirochaete attached but still able to move. Another possible solution is presented in the spirochaete's structure. The spirochaete contains two membranes, which allow the spirochaete to spin. This means that the outer membrane could simply be attached while still spinning in a spiral motion. This corkscrew action could propel the water or other liquid the paradoxa is travelling in to be pushed away, and thus propelling the paradoxa.<br />2. The paradoxa could communicate using either chemical signals. If the spirchaete was held in place using ionic compounds, the paradoxa could change the concetration of the ions and thus change the intensity of the attachment. If the attachment was less, a higher rate of rotation could occur, thus directing the cell in that direction. Again, this is purely speculation.Trent Thelenhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10344282956605558527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-29102530141491479862011-03-26T19:07:03.705-07:002011-03-26T19:07:03.705-07:001. Maybe a ball bearing system could work. All of ...1. Maybe a ball bearing system could work. All of the bacterium on each side could be spinning in the same direction along the plasma membrane of the paradoxa. They could be spinning in place, moving the bacterium forward. They could be attached by weak bonds (Ionic or Hydrogen) to allow for motion and attraction. <br /><br />2. Paradoxa could communicate with the bacterium by exchange of phospholipids via Acytedaltransferase. Certain phospholipids could stimulate certain effects in the bacterium. For example, there could be directional receptors on the plasma membrane that could be transferred to change the direction that the bacterium is spinning.Erik Granthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/09637937561820627359noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-46100115044533215742011-03-21T21:17:06.590-07:002011-03-21T21:17:06.590-07:00The spirochaete has many polar flagella that are c...The spirochaete has many polar flagella that are confined within the outer membrane and wind down the cell from one of its end. There is bracket that connect the spirochaete with the membrane, and when it rotates paradoxa will follow along. Paradoxa communitcates with the bacteria by cell signaling. Maybe by exchanging and phospholating molecules or proteins.<br />What is spirochaete's benefit from attaching with the paradoxa?Nha Nguyenhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08779055829508374520noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-75364304609608007152011-03-20T20:19:53.227-07:002011-03-20T20:19:53.227-07:001. When I first read this, I figured that there mu...1. When I first read this, I figured that there must be some kind of way that the spirochete can get a foothold on the paradoxa and attach to hold fast so the spirochete can provide locomotion for the paradoxa. <br />"On the paradoxa, there are bumps or appendages where the spirochetes attached, and a bacillus which lodged on the other side of the bump." http://www.inplainsite.org/html/animals_that_prove_creation.html<br />2. Because the spirochete is attached to the paradoxa and so there is a connection between the two, I was wondering if maybe the paradoxa could send some sort of signal to let the spirochete know which direction they wanted to move and whether they wanted to stop or go. If that is possible then it could be some chemical signal, or maybe another form. I'm not really sure.Susan Subrahmanyamhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/16250435809623306372noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-63706838764534792292011-03-17T21:00:15.469-07:002011-03-17T21:00:15.469-07:001. The spirochete bacteria is anchored to the para...1. The spirochete bacteria is anchored to the paradoxa by some type of bracket and then the spirochete rotates and pushes the paradoxa along. The spirochete propels the paradoxa in the same way that a screwdriver pushes a screw. The bracket may work by some kind of attachment between the spirochete and the polysaccharide coat on the paradoxa surface. <br />2. The paradoxa would have to communicate with the bacteria on its surface by some sort of chemical means. Perhaps the paradoxa releases paracrins which are taken in by the bacteria.Elizabethhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/00665274346193089151noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-81573169921023610262011-03-15T19:09:15.333-07:002011-03-15T19:09:15.333-07:001.Based on speculation, bacteria could be attached...1.Based on speculation, bacteria could be attached to the cell like a ball and socket joint, similar to our shoulders. Our shoulders are clearly attached to our bodies but we are able to rotate them quite freely as well, and in water, they propel us forward. But according to an article I found on the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System website, these spirochete are attached to the Paradoxa perpendicularly which still allows for rotation. These bacteria are situated in rows and as each one rotates, the together propel the paradoxa forward. It’s actually an amazing system. The bacteria are attached to brackets that arise from the surface of the cell, the bacteria are not actually touching the cell itself. That is why their rotation is not hindered in any way. <br /> <br />2. These are separate entities so it would not be the same as a brain messaging to other parts of the body I’m assuming. Maybe there is a signal the paradoxa can send out via its cell surface and the bacteria are able to respond to these signals. I think Sam may be on the right track though. It sounds similar to our nervous system and a very likely possibility. There has to be a stimulant of some sort.k.preheimhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/03868032355916862740noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-46936884845548274272011-03-13T22:27:41.005-07:002011-03-13T22:27:41.005-07:00There are so-called 'brackets' on the cell...There are so-called 'brackets' on the cell surface that form an arrangment site for the spirochetes. This allows the spirochete to propel the flagellate cells forward. There could also be a motor or type of bond that holds the bacteria in place. <br /><br />It is still unknown how the flagellates and the spirochetes communicate and coordinate movement. Chemical communication would be a means of communication in the cell. Cell signaling, or means of a stimulus could provide the means for communication for the cell as well.Jillianhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12915467093642419513noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-14263382104360323992011-03-12T22:52:58.828-08:002011-03-12T22:52:58.828-08:001 Spirochetes move by rotating. How can a rotatin...1 Spirochetes move by rotating. How can a rotating twisting bacterium promote locomotion of paradoxa and yet stay attached to its host if its entire cell body rotates?<br />I think that the moving of the spirochetes do not affect it attachment to the paradoxa, but yet it forms a symbiotic relationship to the paradoxa. The spirochetes have a mutualistic relationship with the paradoxa, and maybe use its energy to rotate and move the cell. Or if you think in mechanical terms, the spirochetes are hooked onto the paradoxa on the inside but its bacterial "hairs" are on the outside of the cell helping to move it.<br /><br /><br />2 If paradoxa communicates with its motor bacteria, what form of communication would this be?<br />I would think that the way the paradoxa communicates with its motor bacteria is through chemical signaling. The bacteria is connected and forms a symbiotic relationship with the paradoxa, so therefore specific ions are secreted from the paradoxa to the bacteria, signalling it to begin spinning and rotating.Unknownhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06317991890571565520noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-14345728409329858592011-03-11T14:16:03.170-08:002011-03-11T14:16:03.170-08:001)It looks like paradoxa is specifically designed ...1)It looks like paradoxa is specifically designed for bacteria based locomotion. It has brackets built into it's membrane that the bacteria attach to so that they can rotate, providing transport, but still stay attached to the cell.<br />2) Could the two organisms communicate in the same way that nerves communicate? The "message" would have to pass through a small gap between the bacteria and the protist, just like neural transmitters have to pass through the synaptic cleft?Sarah Johnsonhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04452304722598457122noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-12690825631861715012011-03-10T13:02:50.233-08:002011-03-10T13:02:50.233-08:00Marcy and Kayla,
I am not sure I totally understa...Marcy and Kayla,<br /><br />I am not sure I totally understand your theory. But I think you are saying that perhaps the spirochete is attached to paradoxa via its outer cover but this does not prevent the flagellum/axial filament from rotating. That indeed might work. My guess is that it would take a lot of bacteria with filaments moving in unison.J.Francishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10117553284795213150noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-68472890700579997562011-03-10T12:36:23.337-08:002011-03-10T12:36:23.337-08:001. I agree with Kayla Noch suggestions about the ...1. I agree with Kayla Noch suggestions about the location of the Spirochete. There is one particularly that I really agree that explains the theory of how the Spirochete can promote location while still attached to the Paradoxa. It would make sense that sense this bacteria is gram negative that the two membranes with the axial filament made of endoflagella would promote the spirochete to corkscrew. The axial filament would get its full range of motion to rotation to move its host. Do you have any objections or concerns about this theory Dr. Francis? <br />2. Quorum sensing would be the mode of communication between the Spirochete and Paradoxa. This relationship is used by bacteria to coordinate actions and behavior. Some social insects even use quorum sensing to communicate about where to meet.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-58918530868558257762011-03-09T14:40:38.874-08:002011-03-09T14:40:38.874-08:001. I was thinking that there must be a special typ...1. I was thinking that there must be a special type of chemical bond between the bacteria and the paradoxa, but it has to be a weak bond in order to release and attach quickly. Or, the bacteria could be attached on one end of the cell to the paradoxa and the other end would just rotate freely. <br /><br />2. I think that the cell would use signaling to set off a chain of reactions to make the bacteria spin, thus helping the cell escape from potential attacks. It would be interesting to see, because the signaling would have to go from the paradoxa to the plentiful bacteria attached to it.Micayla Frankianhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/03232260992139580329noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-68615753954125579652011-03-08T13:56:33.990-08:002011-03-08T13:56:33.990-08:002) Perhaps to communicate with the motor bacteria,...2) Perhaps to communicate with the motor bacteria, the Paradoxa secretes an ion such as calcium, creating a gradient around the bacteria. When the bacteria takes in the calcium (a stimulator) by diffusion, the resulting calcium buildup inside the bacteria would trigger the bacteria to spin.<br /><br />To stop the spin, the Paradoxa could create a gradient with something like potassium, which isn't a stimulator like calcium is. When the bacteria took in the potassium, it would get ride of calcium (maybe absorbed by the cell, and used to stimulate digestion if the bacteria moved the cell toward food...) to maintain proper charge, and the stimulation to spin would stop.Samhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06238838680424688524noreply@blogger.com