tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post6084231518610617318..comments2023-03-10T03:34:10.940-08:00Comments on Cell Biology Blog: Unicellular life does not exist…..or how to live in a macronucleus!J.Francishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10117553284795213150noreply@blogger.comBlogger38125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-11251123841927416812011-05-11T04:36:09.210-07:002011-05-11T04:36:09.210-07:00So the benefit of doing these early blogs a little...So the benefit of doing these early blogs a little late in the game...is we've addressed some of the content in class, woot woot:)<br />1. The macronucleus (obviously by its prefix macro) indicates that there is probably a micronucleus as well. So in ciliates, which are cells that have cilia to move around, there are two nuclei, a bigger one called the macronucleus and a smaller one called the micronucleus!<br /><br />2. I think its very possible to isolate one bacteria cell, and if you're going to do this, then might as well keep it alive right? Get some pond water which has a lot of bacteria, and then start centrifuging everything to the bottom and taking it out, until the bacterium becomes the heaviest thing. Once all the bacteria has been isolated. After this its pretty fuzzy, but I would try killing as many bacteria as possibly by limiting its resources, such as food and water and oxygen, then monitor the colony closely under a super microscope, until there is only one bacteria cell left.<br /><br />3. Just guessing, but paramecium probably eats the algae by moving around it and taking it within its cell, making it look like a mouth eating something like a peanut! However, the algae doesn't disappear, but it starts working for the paramecium and has all of its functions. So maybe it can use photosynthesis and get energy and the paramecium will get the energy from the algae without the algae being dead.<br /><br />4. If all living creatures are multicellular, then they must all be working together, and this kind of disproves evolution. Which cell came first? Its kind of like that question, what came first, the chicken or the egg. If a single cell cannot live without other cells, then we run into all sorts of problems, when I say we, I mean evolutionists...so then, I guess I should say, they have run into many problems!Jean-Luc Vaderhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/16747672769935983693noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-29746088835178484892011-05-11T04:32:25.551-07:002011-05-11T04:32:25.551-07:001 What is a macronucleus and why would you want to...1 What is a macronucleus and why would you want to live there? cheap rent? cozy?<br />im going to go with yes. and a macronucleus is the bigger nucleus compared to the other one in a cell with two nuclei. and answer to why: bigger is better. the grass is greener on the bigger hill because it has bigger sprinklers. it might be because of the larger amount of material, like there is more in the macronucleus ergo, greater chance of survival. <br /><br />2 How would you isolate a single bacterial cell on a microscope slide?<br />isolation would be possible with putting a cell in an environment that it is very hard for it to reproduce in; as in circumstances that almost kill it, but don't. maybe. i am really not sure. <br /><br />3 How can Paramecium eat algae but not digest it?<br />algae is to paramecium as chewing gum is to human intestines, it just doesn't digest. maybe its just a rule of nature. (and i am totally not sure on the whole gum thing. is it an urban myth?) it may just be too complex for it to break down. maybe the algae is just incredibly resistant. <br /><br />4 What is significant about the concept that all living creatures are multicellular?<br />This allows living creatures to survive. unicellular life would not last very long. it is also amazing how all the cells work together. without one, another can't function. this shows the complexity of God's design. I can't seem to fully comprehend it.Lindseyhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/14040244169890786229noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-47310599017923525202011-05-10T12:31:13.517-07:002011-05-10T12:31:13.517-07:00the macronucleus is the larger type of nucleus in ...the macronucleus is the larger type of nucleus in ciliates. they are polypoid and undergo direct division without mitosis.<br />i dont really understand the third question. paramecium feed on organisms like bacteria, ALGAE, and yeasts. and as far as all the research i did it is digested "<br />The food goes through the cell mouth into the gullet, which is like the stomach. When there is enough food in it so that it has reached a certain size it breaks away and forms a food vacuole. The food vacuole travels through the cell, through the back end first. As it moves along enzymes from the cytoplasm enter the vacuole and digest it."<br />http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Does_paramecium_digest_it_food#ixzz1Lyndb4ktlopez926https://www.blogger.com/profile/04548023042281926772noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-61608944669599843512011-05-10T01:19:16.801-07:002011-05-10T01:19:16.801-07:00(1)Macronucleus is the larger of two nuclei presen...(1)Macronucleus is the larger of two nuclei present in ciliate protozoans, which controls the nonreproductive functions of the cell. It contains hundreds of chromosomes.<br />(3)In order for paramecium to eat algae without digesting it, it uses its cilia to sweep up food into the cell mouth, which the food falls into the oral groove after.<br />(4)I am not sure what you are asking here. Are you asking the advantages of all organisms being multicellular? If all organisms were multicellular, I think that it would cause an imbalance in the ecosystem. This would show God’s wisdom in that all living things cannot live independently. God is sovereign over all living things.namynaffithttps://www.blogger.com/profile/00022760781987864910noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-80609926374266257132011-05-09T08:51:32.493-07:002011-05-09T08:51:32.493-07:002. Another way to Isolate the one cell would be to...2. Another way to Isolate the one cell would be to slow it's reproduction, factors such as temperature have been known to slow the reproduction of bacteria, secondly I would take a large cell preferably eukaryotic since it is larger and also they don't reproduce as fast as bacterium. I'd have a small culture of the cells at this point then activate receptors on the cells that encourage death and then slowly remove the dying cells awhile inhibiting reproduction of more cells by using an enzyme that would block the other reproductive receptors thus slowly eliminating the cells until only one cell that has had it's reproductive capabilities stalled so it can be studied individually.Davidhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/16355579207941453256noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-24514654667558536492011-05-09T00:35:22.778-07:002011-05-09T00:35:22.778-07:001 macronucleus is the larger type of nucleus in ci...1 macronucleus is the larger type of nucleus in ciliates. Macronuclei are polyploid and undergo direct division without mitosis. It controls the non-reproductive cell functions, the everyday tasks, such as metabolism. During conjugation, the macronucleus disintegrates, and a new macronucleus is formed by karyogamy of the micronuclei. The macronucleus contains hundreds of chromosomes, each present in over 50 copies. The macronucleus lacks a mechanism to precisely partition this complex genome equally during nuclear division; thus how the cell manages to maintain a balanced genome after generations of divisions is a myst. I would want to live in a macronucleus because I would get a fresh new macronucleus during every conjugation; it also controls many things such as metabolism. <br />2 I would isolate it by getting two paramecium and have it eat all the bacterial cells until they come to the last bacterial cell. Then I would get some signal that eliminated both of them and walla one bacterial cell. Another option is two have the paramecium duke it out and hopefully they will be too exhausted to eat the last cell. <br />3 The paramecium may keep the algae in its system and therefore never digested. It just sits there until it wants to get rid of it or do something with it and just disposes it. <br />4 It is significant that they contain many cells because it allows them to move faster and live independently. They are single cellular creatures this gives them more flexibility. Multicellularity also gives you many options. If paramecium eats one cell it doesn’t matter because there are many others.Matt Khttps://www.blogger.com/profile/01866565858234517470noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-27256252326362112342011-05-07T23:07:10.644-07:002011-05-07T23:07:10.644-07:001) "The larger nucleus (or sometimes nuclei) ...1) "The larger nucleus (or sometimes nuclei) in ciliate protozoans. Derived from the micronucleus by a process of dna polytenisation. The dna in the macronucleus is actively transcribed. The macronucleus degenerates before conjugation. Part of the nuclei in protozoans responsible for cell division." Sometimes bacteria can benefit from the macronucleus, and the dna in the macronucleus can be "altered" for the better of the organism.<br /><br />2) Maybe specific algaes do not have lisosomes that phagosomes normally digest? :/ <br />-Sarah GonzalesSoul Sistashttps://www.blogger.com/profile/11794236159194722209noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-72667811041598453402011-05-07T15:52:34.378-07:002011-05-07T15:52:34.378-07:00The macronucleus is the larger of two ciliate prok...The macronucleus is the larger of two ciliate prokaryotic nuclei that controls the non-reproductive functions of the organism. Organisms like the Holospora (mentioned above) inhabits the macronucleus of the paramecium. The Holopsora obtusa can survive outside the Paramecium, but cannot reproduce. <br /><br />2. A predator could be introduced to the culture, and then killed off by a species-specific toxin before all the desired specimen is annihilated. The population could be further slimmed by physical extraction (micro-manipulation).<br /><br />3. The algae may have markers on it that prevent it from being engulfed by a phagolysosome but instead by simply a phagosome that would only bring it into the cell and not destroy it. These markers may be inherent on certain algae or placed there as result of other signalling patterns by the paramecium.<br /><br />4. The signifance of all cells being essentially multicellular is that life could not have originated from one cell according to the evolutionary model. Multiple cells had to exist for life to begin as is consistent with the creation model. Multicellularity strongly opposes a foundational evolutionary idea.<br /><br />http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/macronucleiHannah Kaleebihttps://www.blogger.com/profile/16363268792918760735noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-22735974854568574012011-05-06T14:33:59.983-07:002011-05-06T14:33:59.983-07:001. The macronucleus is a large nucleus found in ci...1. The macronucleus is a large nucleus found in cilliates that is responsible for regular metabloic functions in the cell though it is not responsible for mitosis or cell replication. Considering how protected the nuclei of a cell are, it would probab;y be a relatively safe place for a bacteria to exist. <br /><br />2. Tweezers... but they replicate so fast it's kinda pointless.<br /><br />3. Sowe learned about up regulation of proteins and stuff so maybe when the cilliate has enough nutrients there is some signal that causes the down regulation of enzymes that are able to digest algae. Then the algae is just stored. <br /><br />4. Basically if all cells are technically multicellular then that means that they depend on several other cells for survival which means that a bunch of cells would have had to arise from deade matter at the same time in the right conditions to reproduce and continue doing so. There's to much inter-connectedness to allow for random independent origin.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-55731671017951558562011-04-30T20:05:05.635-07:002011-04-30T20:05:05.635-07:00Macronucleus is a “relatively large nucleus belie...Macronucleus is a “relatively large nucleus believed to influence many cell activities. It occurs in suctorian and ciliate protozoans (e.g., Paramecium). The macronucleus is associated with one or more smaller micronuclei, which are necessary for conjugation and autogamy (reproduction by exchange between the nuclei of different individuals and of the same individuals, respectively). When these reproductive processes occur, the macronucleus degenerates. It is re-formed from nuclear material in the zygote.” (Britannica online). I would say the species that invades the macronucleus probably chooses this location to reside because it would be a safe place within the cell to reproduce. Once it has gained entry into the macronucleus (the hard part) it is protected inside it by the cell’s natural defense mechanisms to protect the macronucleus. <br /><br />I don’t know if this process would work for isolating these types of cells, but maybe you could use a process of Flow Cytometry (came across this technique as I was researching this, it’s defined as “a technique for counting and examining microscopic particles, such as cells and chromosomes, by suspending them in a stream of fluid and passing them by an electronic detection apparatus”) Maybe this process would allow for the isolation of these cells, then you could transfer it to the slide and view it. If they still replicate too quickly, I would just kill the cell and view it that way…hey at least then it wouldn’t reproduce…<br /><br />Paramecium can eat, but not digest, algae through the process of phagocytosis where the paramecium engulf the algae into its cytoplasm and the algae then travels to the nucleus, rather than passing through its digestive tract.<br /><br />The significance of multi-cellularity is that it makes evolutionary concepts of single-celled life as original life form difficult to support. If cells seem to interact constantly with other cells for survival and reproduction, how then could one single cell have survived to form other cells on its own..? multi-cellularity points to many life forms existing at one time, and therefore would point to a Creator.Kaylin Youngshttps://www.blogger.com/profile/01378249574571730147noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-13064835041747782122011-04-27T16:40:20.654-07:002011-04-27T16:40:20.654-07:001. The macronucleus is a larger nuclei in the bact...1. The macronucleus is a larger nuclei in the bacteria that is said to perform much of the larger activities carried out in the organism (www.britannica.com). My conclusion on why something would want to live, there based on our holospora research project, the holospora lives in the paramecium obtusa and cannot live anywhere else. There fore there must be some sort of symbiotic relationship. Also because its cozy, who wouldn’t want to live inside a bacteria?<br />2. The best method I read that would properly isolate a bacteria was the Burri’s India ink method which involves emulsifying the bacteria into the ink and then dropped onto a gelatin place where they can separate a single organism through a series of processes and eventually placed into a fluid nutrient medium (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC378990/?page=2) . But I’m not sure how you would stop the thing from reproducing…<br />3. The green algaelives in the cytoplasm of the paramecium bursaria providing a food source for the paramecium through photosynthesis. <br />4. It shows the Lords design and how we lean on him and each other continuously and multicellular life reflects just that.Natapeahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/01051986197868041757noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-18596978445534115382011-04-22T13:40:53.781-07:002011-04-22T13:40:53.781-07:001. A macronucleus is a larger nucleus found in pro...1. A macronucleus is a larger nucleus found in protozoans. These macronuclei have one or more micronuclei. During reproduction however, the macronucleus falls apart. It functions in cell metabolism and protein synthesis. It is divided into multiple cells during replication, so for something to live in it could make it easier to transfer itself to other cells. <br />2. Would it be possible to find a cell in which meiosis and mitosis were not functioning correctly. Otherwise it would be hard to find a cell by itself, as they divide quickly into colonies. <br />3. The algae is transported in using endocytosis. It is then put into a vacuole. Scientists believe that there is an inhibitor in the lysozomal fusion, most probably an enzyme.<br />4 It is significant, because it completely disproves evolution. If there is no unicellular life, that means that life could not have started as a single cell as evolutionists believe. Instead, everything must have started multicellular.Trent Thelenhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10344282956605558527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-13407242040908208522011-04-20T19:39:53.599-07:002011-04-20T19:39:53.599-07:001. The macronucleus is the non reproductive nucleu...1. The macronucleus is the non reproductive nucleus in a unicellular organism. And as an organism I suppose I would want to live there because it does not go through mitosis which means it would be easier to reproduce and transfer myself to other organisms without ever leaving the cell.<br />2. I’m honestly not sure how this would work however if you could maybe culture a bacterium and surround it with some sort of repellent antibiotic or something maybe it could stop the division of the bacteria.<br />3. I feel like maybe this is just the way God designed it. I think its body functions know what to use and what to store just like our metabolisms know what fat to store and what to burn up even though we don’t consciously think about this to make it happen.<br />4. This is significant because it pretty much blows evolution out of the water. If unicellular life doesn’t exist than that means wither multicellular life had to appear all at once or lots of single celled organisms would have to evolve all at the same time.shannonhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10996421232069729877noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-20953231258914064022011-04-10T23:53:42.345-07:002011-04-10T23:53:42.345-07:00well to answer that, we no that the macro-nucleus ...well to answer that, we no that the macro-nucleus is the motherboard of the cell and the micronucleus is like a data base that holds all the cell secrets, the bacteria is like the direction manual which kind of tells the cell what to do everyday.<br />2 to isolate one bacteria would be very difficult i guess it can be done but it would take a very long time to do so <br />3 doesn't the paramecium kinda like eats the algae but then it just keeps it inside itself and uses the energy from it and uses its waste as food so that both of them get mutual benefit from the this.<br />4 the significance is that multicellular organism have a kind of little urban city of cells in them and single cells are just all by themselves. plus if it was just single celled then it would not show the intricacies of Gods creations.vjhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/05766487454885848140noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-67312220849339235982011-02-25T11:21:57.016-08:002011-02-25T11:21:57.016-08:00The macronucleus controls the life and functions o...The macronucleus controls the life and functions of the cell, and as Erik said the micronucleus is responsible for reproduction. I am wondering if there is a way to separate the cells with some kind of dna or proteins because of the role they play in the paramecia?Annehttps://www.blogger.com/profile/15446287674438854287noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-60749646249978700352011-02-25T11:16:58.690-08:002011-02-25T11:16:58.690-08:00How would you isolate a single bacterial cell on a...How would you isolate a single bacterial cell on a microscope slide?<br />This would be practically impossible without some kind of high tech tools to complete this, since as it has been said above that there is multi-cellular life. Which means that somehow everything is living together yet in a way not easy to separate.Annehttps://www.blogger.com/profile/15446287674438854287noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-63719457895174622202011-01-28T14:37:59.556-08:002011-01-28T14:37:59.556-08:00After some research, the cell’s macronucleus contr...After some research, the cell’s macronucleus controls the everyday functions of the cell, while the micronucleus contains the information necessary for reproduction. The bacteria probably provide some sort of beneficial information to the macro nucleus which constitutes typical cell functions. This beneficial information is probably transferred to the cell’s DNA, because: even if the bacteria are removed, the paramecia still continues to exhibit the beneficial trait.Erik Granthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/09637937561820627359noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-75683773465899708632011-01-26T19:02:16.387-08:002011-01-26T19:02:16.387-08:001. According to answers.com, a macronucleus is the...1. According to answers.com, a macronucleus is the larger of two nuclei present in ciliate protozoans, which controls the nonreproductive functions of the cell; such as metabolism. It also said it houses chromosomes and the DNA inside the macronucleus is actively transcribed. So why would you want to live there? I think it would be cool to have copies of yourself made over and over again.<br />2. Not sure if this is anywhere near correct but i was reading online and this website wrote about how they used two fluorescent strains to isolate the bacteria, both being fluorescent proteins.<br />http://www.springerlink.com/content/g6686tn100426246/<br />3.im not sure about this but my guess is the algae is taken as a nutrient into the cytoplasm of the paramecium, while other things it eats it digest by going through its anal pore.<br />4.it is significant that all living things are multicellular because it shows, I think, the complexity of all creatures and how so many cells can serve a different function. It also shows that though there are so many, they are all in a way dependent upon one another.Unknownhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/06317991890571565520noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-76141827148899569942011-01-25T14:21:21.274-08:002011-01-25T14:21:21.274-08:00Question #4 makes me think of when God created Ada...Question #4 makes me think of when God created Adam and said that it is not good that the man should be alone so it reveals that God wants everything not to be isolated from each other but to live in a community.Nha Nguyenhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08779055829508374520noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-19346056842011361712011-01-24T21:23:30.974-08:002011-01-24T21:23:30.974-08:00My....I like your answer #4...your idea of interde...My....I like your answer #4...your idea of interdependence..J.Francishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10117553284795213150noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-29516133011304000242011-01-24T21:00:49.699-08:002011-01-24T21:00:49.699-08:003. Paracium and algae can have a mutualistic relat...3. Paracium and algae can have a mutualistic relationship where algae provides nutrients for Paracium in return for a safe protection, when Paracium can consume other food such as bacteria rather than algae. On the other hand, when there is limited resources for food, algae would be a delicious meal. <br />4. The concept that all living creatures are multicellular shows God's plans for everthing depends on one another, just as how we must learn to depend on the Lord in difficulty and learning to care, to love, and to pray for one another in the love of ChristMy Ai Nguyenhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08861686555290280691noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-9550656454278797942011-01-24T19:22:56.519-08:002011-01-24T19:22:56.519-08:00Hhmm.. regarding Dr. Francis' first question, ...Hhmm.. regarding Dr. Francis' first question, I think that the bacterium lives in the macronucleus because it maybe living off of something inside the macronucleus (maybe the chromosomes or anything else inside), like a symbiotic relationship. I'm not sure about this though, but I still think it's very possible.<br /><br />Also, concerning question number 4, I think this is significant because this shows us that God made living organisms in a way that we are dependent on other things. I personally believe that this humbles us and opens our eyes and minds that we really cannot boast in ourselves.Ronnie David Riverahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12942542646747880022noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-34004616666295775932011-01-18T08:57:31.217-08:002011-01-18T08:57:31.217-08:00Excellent thoughts from everyone..and some of what...Excellent thoughts from everyone..and some of what Dr. Francis discussed in principles of biology last semester!Anonymoushttps://www.blogger.com/profile/07734797430298962982noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-11204963027616149762011-01-16T20:28:04.595-08:002011-01-16T20:28:04.595-08:001. The larger of two nuclei present in ciliate pro...1. The larger of two nuclei present in ciliate protozoans, which controls nonreproductive functions of the cell, such as metabolism (answers.com). I do not prefer to live there, I'd rather live in a mansion. :)<br />2. It doesn't seem possible to isolate one bacterial cell. If you pick up at least a million in a small handful of dirt, it just doesn't seem probable.<br />3. On google it says the paramecium eat by the cilia sweeping the food into the oral groove into the gullet. I have no idea how it doesn't digest! That's weird.<br />4. I think all organisms are multicellulared because even a single cell co-exists with other cells. It could be that the single cell is obviously larger than the others, but not alone. And like everyone else said that God created adam and eve so that eve can be a helper and supporter of adam to ultimately give glory to God.bold.as.lovehttps://www.blogger.com/profile/16931442505892572947noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4255305816059890771.post-79158336303732684952011-01-16T18:11:48.052-08:002011-01-16T18:11:48.052-08:00I appreciate everyone's input here....Elizabet...I appreciate everyone's input here....Elizabeth has perhaps one of the more interesting and creative ideas about the bacterium that it is involved in partioning the DNA...fascinating.<br />Dr FrancisJ.Francishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10117553284795213150noreply@blogger.com